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Question		Answer
to reduce the rate, level, or amount of something Nuestra principal responsabilidad es reducir la tasa de desempleo. start learning		bring down (the cost/number/rate of ...) Our main responsibility is to bring down the rate of unemployment.
to change your opinion or decision because someone has persuaded you to agree with them Estábamos seguros de que ella acabaría aceptando nuestra forma de pensar. start learning		come round to (a way of thinking / the idea) We were sure she’d come round to our way of thinking in the end.
to think of something such as an idea or a plan ¿Es esta la mejor solución que se te ocurre? start learning		come up with (a solution/strategy) Is this the best solution you can come up with?
to use something that you have gradually gained or saved Como actor, a menudo recurres a tu propia experiencia de vida. start learning		draw on (your experience/observations) As an actor, you often draw on your own life experience.
to turn the pages of a book, magazine, newspaper, etc. very quickly looking at some of the pages for a very short time Recientemente hojeé un libro sobre descubrimientos científicos. start learning		flick through (something) Recently, I was flicking through the pages of a book on scientific discoveries.
to stop something from progressing or developing as it should La escasez de agua a largo plazo puede frenar el progreso económico. start learning		hold back (something) Long-term water shortages can hold back economic progress.
to not have much hope that something will happen Él tenía pocas esperanzas de que su idea fuera aceptada. start learning		hold out little hope He held out little hope that his idea would ever be accepted.
to get a particular result or reaction La nueva propuesta se encontró con una fuerte oposición por parte de los estudiantes. start learning		meet with (criticism/opposition/resistance) The new proposal met with strong opposition from students.
to invest a lot of money in something in order to improve it or make it successful El año pasado el gobierno invirtió más de 80 millones de libras en la reparación de carreteras. start learning		plough (money) into (something) Last year the government ploughed more than £80 million into road repairs.
to offer an idea, opinion, reason etc, especially so that people can discuss it and make a decision Rechazó todas las propuestas presentadas por el comité. start learning		put forward (an explanation / an idea / a proposal) He rejected all the proposals put forward by the committee.
if you _____ problems, difficulties etc, you have to deal with them Nos topamos con algunos problemas al comienzo del proyecto. start learning		run up against (a difficulty/problem) We ran up against a few problems at the start of the project.
to find something by accident Me topé con un artículo muy interesante sobre natación en aguas abiertas. start learning		stumble across (something) I stumbled across a really interesting article about wild swimming yesterday.
if someone in authority throws out a plan, proposal etc, they refuse to accept it El juez desestimó su reclamación. start learning		throw out (charges / claims / a suggestion) The judge threw out their claim.
confused and not knowing what to do Estaba desconcertado sin saber qué había pasado. start learning		at a loss I was at a loss to understand what had happened.
used for showing that something is not very good by emphasising that your description of it is the best thing you can say about it La respuesta del gobierno ha sido como mucho confusa y en el peor de los casos deshonesta. start learning		at best The government’s response seems to have been at best confused and at worst dishonest.
if things are _____ each other, they are different or opposite when they should be the same ¿Qué aspectos de nuestro estilo de vida están en desacuerdo con lograr un futuro sostenible? start learning		at odds with (something) What parts of our lifestyle are fundamentally at odds with achieving a sustainable future?
used about important issues that are involved in a situation or could be decided by it Pocos votantes tenían idea de los asuntos en juego. start learning		at stake Few voters had any idea of the issues at stake.
if one thing exists or happens at the expense of another, the second thing suffers or is not done properly because of the first Patrick estaba logrando grandes cosas en el trabajo, pero a costa de su salud. start learning		at the expense of (something) Patrick was doing great things in the job, but at the expense of his health.
in a leading or important position in something Estos problemas medioambientales están actualmente en el centro del debate público. start learning		at the forefront of (something) These environmental issues are currently at the forefront of public debate.
to be watching carefully in order to find, obtain, or avoid something or someone La policía de Brighton está buscando a una banda de ladrones de coches. start learning		be on the lookout for (something/someone) Police in Brighton are on the lookout for a gang of car thieves.
if someone does something __ _ ___ ___ they do it a lot, or they think it is important Los entrenadores deportivos dependen en gran medida del análisis de vídeo. start learning		in a big way Sports coaches have come to depend on video analysis in a big way.
almost certainly Lo más probable es que el jarrón fuera hecho en el siglo XVII. start learning		in all likelihood In all likelihood the vase was made in the seventeenth century.
feeling great respect and admiration for someone or something Jeff siempre ha sentido una profunda admiración por su padre. start learning		in awe of (someone/something) Jeff has always been totally in awe of his father.
if a law or rule is __ _____ it is being applied and people must obey it La prohibición de exportar petróleo sigue en vigor. start learning		in force The ban on oil exports remains in force.
likely to be damaged or destroyed La crisis puso en peligro miles de empleos. start learning		in jeopardy The crisis put thousands of jobs in jeopardy.
rude and not at all appropriate Su broma sobre el divorcio de ella fue de muy mal gusto. start learning		in poor taste His joke about her divorce was in very poor taste.
considering something that happened in the past, using knowledge or information that you did not have at that time En retrospectiva, nunca deberíamos haber permitido que eso ocurriera. start learning		in retrospect In retrospect, we should never have allowed that to happen.
of the same quality as or at the same level as Los beneficios deberían estar a la par con los del año pasado. start learning		on a par with (something/someone) Profits should be on a par with last year.
in a place that is able to be seen by many people Su obra está expuesta en la galería. start learning		on display Her work is on display at the gallery.
nervous and unable to relax because you are worried Los acontecimientos de los últimos días la habían dejado nerviosa y tensa. start learning		on edge The events of the past few days had left her feeling tense and on edge.
available to buy Máquinas tan potentes como esta aún no están disponibles en el mercado. start learning		on the market Machines as powerful as this are not yet on the market.
at that exact moment or place Cualquier trabajador que infrinja estas normas será despedido en el acto. start learning		on the spot Any workers found breaking these rules will be sacked on the spot.
strongly criticized or damaged Ambos candidatos han sido duramente criticados por sus propuestas de salud. start learning		under attack Both candidates have come under attack for their health-care proposals.
having formally promised to tell the truth in a court of law Mentir bajo juramento es un delito extremadamente grave. start learning		under oath Lying under oath is an extremely serious offence.
carefully examined La industria de las dietas será examinada detenidamente en el programa de esta noche. start learning		under scrutiny The diet industry comes under scrutiny in tonight’s programme.
if a place is _______, it is surrounded by soldiers in order to attack those defending it La ciudad llevaba semanas sitiada y escaseaban los alimentos. start learning		under siege The town had been under siege for weeks and food was in short supply.
likely to be harmed or damaged Una antigua costumbre religiosa está bajo amenaza. start learning		under threat An ancient religious custom is under threat.
being kept secret Lee decidió mantener sus planes en secreto por un tiempo. start learning		under wraps Lee decided to keep her plans under wraps for a while.
an attempt or guess that is not likely to be successful but that is worth trying Es poco probable, pero se lo preguntaré. start learning		a long shot It’s a long shot, but I’ll ask her.
at the most modern and advanced point in the development of something Estos modelos están a la vanguardia del diseño informático. start learning		at the leading edge These models are at the leading edge of computer design.
a situation in which no further progress is possible ¿De verdad han llegado las negociaciones comerciales a un callejón sin salida? start learning		dead end Have the trade negotiations really come to a dead end?
from the beginning again, not using all the work that you have done before Tendremos que rehacer todo desde cero. start learning		from scratch We’ll have to do the whole thing again from scratch.
to do something for a long time without achieving any results because you always return to the same problem that you cannot solve Hablamos durante horas, pero no hacíamos más que dar vueltas sin avanzar. start learning		go round in circles We talked for hours, but we were just going round in circles.
being planned or prepared in order to happen or be available soon ¿Tienes algún proyecto nuevo en preparación? start learning		in the pipeline Have you got any new projects in the pipeline?
doing or thinking the right things Las cifras muestran que vamos por buen camino. start learning		on the right track The figures show we are on the right track.
a difficulty that causes mistakes or prevents progress Un problema con un proveedor se ha convertido en un gran obstáculo. start learning		stumbling block A problem with a supplier has become a major stumbling block.
minor problems that a new company, project, product etc may have in the beginning Hemos tenido algunos problemas iniciales, pero en general todo va bien. start learning		teething problems We've been having a few teething problems, but generally things are going well.
to find new ways of doing things, especially of solving problems Se anima a los empleados a pensar de forma innovadora y desarrollar soluciones creativas. start learning		think outside the box Employees are encouraged to think outside the box and develop creative solutions.
GRAM: ¿Te quedarás en Bairro Alto mientras estés en Lisboa? (to ask if clear plans have been made)"Will", the present continuous and "going" to are used to talk about future plans and intentions. Depending on the context, there might be slight differences in meaning or emphasis. start learning		will you stay in Bairro Alto while you're in Lisbon?
GRAM: ¿Te alojas en Bairro Alto mientras estés en Lisboa? (emphasis on fixed arrangements) "Will", the present continuous and "going" to are used to talk about future plans and intentions. Depending on the context, there might be slight differences in meaning or emphasis. start learning		Are you staying in Bairro Alto while you're in Lisbon
GRAM: ¿Vas a quedarte en Bairro Alto mientras estés en Lisboa? (emphasis on intentions) "Will", the present continuous and "going" to are used to talk about future plans and intentions. Depending on the context, there might be slight differences in meaning or emphasis. start learning		Are you going to stay in Bairro Alto while you're in Lisbon?
GRAM: ¿Te alojarás en Bairro Alto mientras estés en Lisboa? The future continuous is used to emphasis that a plan or activitu is one of a repeated series of events or part of the normal course of events (as usual) start learning		Will you be staying in Bairro alto while you're in Lisbon?
GRAM: Podemos pedirle a la especialista que revise los routers mañana porque de todas formas estará arreglando el servidor The future continuous is used to talk about something in the future we perceibe as inevitable, ot to convey that it is going to happen "anyway" start learning		We can ask the specialist to check the routers tomorrow because she'll be fixing the server anyway
GRAM: ¿Saldrá usted esta noche? // (¿Vas a salir esta noche?) The future continuous is used to make polite enquiries about future plans, emphasising that we don't wish to be nosy or influence the decision of the listener. In constrast, going to sounds more direct. start learning		Will you be going out this evening? (very polite) // (are you going to go out this evening? - pressing decision)
GRAM: Habré gastado todo el presupuesto para el final de la semana The future perfect simple and continuous can be used to imagine looking back at something from a point in the future. The future perfect simple shows that the action will be completed by a point in the future start learning		I'll have spent all the budget by the end of the week
GRAM: este verano habré estado asesorando a jóvenes inventores durante veinticinco años. The future perfect continuous emphasis that it will be in progress up to a point in the future start learning		This summer I'll have been mentoring young inventors for twenty-five years
GRAM: El accidente ocurrió hace tanto tiempo, la mayoría de la gente lo habrá olvidado. The future perfect simple can be used to make assumption in the present start learning		The acccident happened so long ago, most people will have forgotten about it.
GRAM: "Necesitaremos muchas manos para terminar el prototipo, pero nuestro objetivo es (o estamos apuntando a) tenerlo listo este año Some verbs have future meaning in their present forms(e.g. agree, aim, expect, hope, intend, look, plan, promise, resolve). The present simple refers to a fact; the present continuous, to a process start learning		We 'll need lots of hands to finish the prototype, but we aim (are aiming) to get it done this year
GRAM: La ministra está a punto de dar una rueda de prensa Various expressions can be used to refer to the future "be+ about to" (to say something is close to happening) start learning		The minister is about to give a press conference
GRAM: El uso de dispositivos wearables para pagar en tiendas está al borde de la adopción masiva Various expressions can be used to refer to the future "be + on the point, verge, brink of" (an idiomatic way to say something is very close to happening) start learning		Using wearable devices to pay in shops is on the brink of mass adoption
GRAM: es probable que los smartphones de próxima generación de la compañía se lancen este otoño Various expressions can be used to refer to the future "be + likely, unlikely to" (to talk about probability) start learning		The company's next generation smartphones are likely to be released this autumn
GRAM: La próxima ronda de conversaciones se celebrará el lunes Various expressions can be used to refer to the future "be + due to" (to talk about something scheduled) start learning		The next round of talks is due to held on Monday
GRAM: Esta nueva interfaz de usuario está destinada a recibir críticas mixtas de los clientes Various expressions can be used to refer to the future "be + bound to" (to say emphatically that something is certain to happen) start learning		This new user interface is bound to receive mixed reviews from customers
GRAM: Se espera que el tan comentado gadget sea presentado en la conferencia de este año Various expressions can be used to refer to the future "be + expected to" (to say something is based on an expectation start learning		The much talked-about gadget is expected to be unveiled at this year's conference
GRAM: Los números de las encuestas dicen que ella ganará la reelección Various expressions can be used to refer to the future "be + set to" (to say something is based on a expectation) start learning		Poll numbers say she is set to win re-election
GRAM: La semifinal se transmitirá en vivo en todas las principales cadenas de televisión Various expressions can be used to refer to the future "be + infinitive" (to talk about future arragements in formal contexts) start learning		The semi-final is to be broadcast live on al major television networks
GRAM: La pequeña empresa de almacenamiento de datos anunció que será adquirida por una gran multinacional Various expressions can be used to refer to the future "be +to be+ past participle" (passive from of be+to+infinitive) start learning		The small data storage company announced it is to be taken over by a large multinational
GRAM: Estaba planeando ir a la reunión de Bella, pero en el último minuto cambié de opinión The future in the past can be used to talk about past plans, especially those taht didn't actually happen start learning		I was planning to go to Bella's get-together, but at the last minute I had a change of heart
GRAM: No había aceptado la invitación porque Rick y yo íbamos a volar de vacaciones ese mismo fin de semana The future in the past can be used to talk about past plans, especially those taht didn't actually happen start learning		I hand't accepted the invitation because Rick and I were set fly off on out holiday that very weekend
GRAM: Decidió saltarse el almuerzo. Habría mucho tiempo para comer más tarde NB would is rarely used as a future-in-the-past form. Its use is mainly restricted to reported speech and literary narratives start learning		He decided to skip lunch. There would be plenty of time to eat later

Unit 3 - A head of the Curve

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