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someone charged with a crime the defendant in a criminal proceeding start learning
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case brought in court, seeking damages for a tort start learning
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criminal deed or act - compare to mens rea, which means the criminal intent start learning
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to act as a judge in a dispute; to make a formal decision about something start learning
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body of law, such as rules, regulations, orders and decisions, created by and related to administrative agencies start learning
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law regarding the relationship where one person /the agent/ acts and is authorised to act for another /the principal/ start learning
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written agreement between states or nations governed by international laws start learning
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agreement /international/
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form or method or resolving disputes apart from litigation start learning
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alternative dispute resolution /ADR/
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impartial person given power to decide a dispute start learning
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collective body of arbitrators or arbiters start learning
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form of dispute resolution /an alternative to litigation through the court system/ in which disputes are heard and decided by an impartial arbitrator or arbitrators, chosen by the parties to the dispute start learning
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impartial person having power to decide a dispute start learning
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/UK/ document that defines a company's internal organisation /US - bylaws/ start learning
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intentional attempt or threat to injure another person that causes them to reasonably expect to be harmed start learning
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person who receives an assignment start learning
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transfer of one's contractual rights to a third party start learning
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person who transfers his/her rights or duties to another start learning
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start learning
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where proof of liability must be shown to be more likely than not start learning
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law regarding a legal procedure for the settling of debts of individuals or businesses unable to pay what they owe; all their property is surrendered to a court-appointed official who liquidates the property to pay the claims of creditors start learning
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/UK/ lawyer admitted to plead at the bar and in superior courts; a member of one of the Inns of Court start learning
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group of individuals elected by shareholders to make the major decisions of the company start learning
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organisation or entity /active inernationally/ start learning
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failure to perform a contractual obligation or inference with another party's performance which incurs a right for the other party to claim damages start learning
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party violating the terms of the contract start learning
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requirement of presenting enough evidence to support a claim start learning
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unlawful entering of a building with the intent to commit a crime start learning
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legally recognised organisational structure designed to provide and sell goods and services; basically, three separate categories of entites exist: sole proprietorships, partnerships, limited liability companies /US - corporations/ start learning
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field concerned with the legal relationships between the shipper /or owner/ of goods, the carrier, and the receiver/consignee of goods start learning
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document issued by a governmental authority granting a company status of a legal entity start learning
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certificate of incorporation
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to make a formal accusation of a crime start learning
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international agreement granting certain rights to an international body by the signatory nations of such agreement start learning
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personal property /excluding freeholds/ start learning
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any case concerned with non-criminal matters, rights and remedies start learning
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set of laws in written formulation used in civil-law systems developed from Roman law and used in many European countries start learning
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1. legal system developed from Roman codified law, established by a state for its regulation; 2. area of the law concerned with non-criminal matters, rights and remedies start learning
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injury or damage that is not the result of a crime start learning
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person who brings civil action start learning
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/UK/ - claimant; /US/ - plaintiff
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paragraph or section of a contract start learning
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body of law governing the relations between persons engaged in business start learning
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dealing and acts or carrying out of commercial functions including procedures of creation, transformation, agreements and exchanges, in conducting and negotiationg business and econominc activities start learning
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body of law formed through judicial/court decisions, as opposed to law formed through statutes or written legislation /also case law, judge-made law/ start learning
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alternative to prison, a criminal entence that requires the offender to do unpaid work in the community start learning
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/UK/ institution created to conduct business, usually an association of persons /US - corporation/; it exists as a separate legal entity from the owners /who are called shareholders/; in common usage, it is sometimes used just to refer to a business start learning
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process of registering a company; companies can be created by individuals, agents, attorneys or accountants; the majority of companies formed in the UK and the USA today are formed electronically start learning
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body of law related to forming, registering, governing and dissolving companies start learning
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study of the differences, similiarities and interrelationships between different legal systems start learning
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payment for performance of work or for loss sustained start learning
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as a result of a lawsuit, the award of an amount of money to the injured party in an amount equivalent to the financial value of his injury start learning
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body of law that regulates business activities and markets, especially agreements and practices that limit competition start learning
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/UK - competition law/ /US - antitrust law/
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something of vaule given by one party to another in order to induce the other to contract; in common law, consideration is a necessary element for an enforceable contract start learning
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documents which define the existence of a legal entity and regulate the structure and control of the entity and its members; the exact form of the constitutional documents depends upon the type of entity start learning
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body of law which includes legislation based on the constitution, that is the fundamental law of a nation, as well as judicial decisions which interpret and apply the constitution start learning
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struggle of effort, causing, involving, or characterised by argument or controversy peraining to causes between opposing parties; it commonly involves the consequences of breach of contract and also maybe be known as litigation start learning
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written agreement between states of nations governed by international laws, e.g. the Bern Convention with respect to the protection of copyrights start learning
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convention /international/
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transfer of property rights in land from one person to another; instrument used to transfer title to property start learning
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finding of guilt in a criminal case start learning
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punishment inflicted on the body, such as whipping start learning
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lawyer representing a party in a legal matter, any person conducting a matter in court start learning
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new offer with new terms made as a reply to an offer received start learning
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place where cases are heard and justice administered; the judges and all other officers and jury are also referred to as the court start learning
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person or company who is owed a financial obligation start learning
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a violation of public law which is subject to punishment such as imprisonment or fine start learning
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area of law that deals with crime, punishment or penalties /also penal law/ start learning
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long-established practice recognised as having the force of law start learning
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international law that has not been made manifest or ratified, but is based primarily on natural law and is recognised by the International Court of Justice and the member nations of UN start learning
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customary international law
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group of nations or tariff areas created to remove customs barriers between them and to agree to a common tariff policy in realtion to non-member nations start learning
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money awarded by a court in compensation for loss or injury start learning
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law in regards to financial obligations and legal interactions where one party is unable to pay a monetary debt to another; it may include insolvency, bankruptcy, foreclosures and repossessions start learning
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a written instrument transferring ownership in property start learning
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person against whom an action is brought in court start learning
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defendant /also respondent/
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period before trial when formal procedures are used to obtain relevant information from the other party/parties start learning
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disposing of, parting with or otherwise giving up of property; transferring care or possession start learning
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start learning
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start learning
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persons including companies or agencies involved in disagreement start learning
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body of law governing the relationship between employers and employees, including the right to organise in unions start learning
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to make effective; in the case of an agreement, it is where one party legally compels performance by the other party start learning
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legally compelling performance by the other party start learning
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carrying out of judicial mandates, usually orders start learning
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enforcement of judgements
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legal principles applied to achieve fairness where the strict rules of law would be too harsh start learning
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provisions required for a contract to exist start learning
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estate granted only for the life of someone other than the grantee start learning
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sole use and benefit of a property start learning
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death penalty, capital punishment start learning
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body of law related to family relationships especially divorce start learning
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whole interest in a piece of real property; the broadest interest in property allowed by common law start learning
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estate which lasts as long as the original grantee or any of his descendants live start learning
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grave crime punishable by a harsher sentence than misdemeanour, which is a less serious crime start learning
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to deliver a document to the custody or records of a court or proper authorities for the purpose of being kept as a matter of record and reference start learning
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act of bringing a contract into existence start learning
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international agreement that provides astandards and guidelines for signatory nations to implement on a national level, e.g. the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change start learning
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the act of misleading someone so as to entice them to enter into an agreement start learning
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fraudulent misrepresentation /fraud in the inducement/
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property whose duration of ownership or occupation is not determined start learning
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a dispute in court that has little chance of success as it lacks merit in law and/or fact start learning
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a financial loss which can be reasonably expected to occur in the future start learning
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the process of moving towards a more interconnected world start learning
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department, authority, administration of government created by legislation start learning
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party who receives title to real property /e.g. the buyer/ start learning
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party who transfers /grants/ title to real property /e.g. the seller/ start learning
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amount of proof needed to convict a defendant of a crime start learning
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guilty beyond a reasonable doubt
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process of nations adopting laws which are similar to or the same as other nations start learning
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harmonisation /unification/
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formal proceeding before any body having decision-making powers or authority start learning
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person who inherits or is entitled to inherit property on the death of another start learning
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body of law relating to the rights of tenants and homeowners, and the financing of housing start learning
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third party appointed to decide a dispute start learning
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being confined in jail or prison start learning
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imprisonment /also incarceration/
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property which can be transferred upon death to a person designated as heir start learning
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official order from a court for a person to do or stop doing something start learning
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person whose legally protected interests have been harmed start learning
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use of confidential, price-sensitive information when trading in stocks and other securities start learning
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insider dealing /US - insider trading/
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written formal legal document start learning
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law of property that protects legal rights associated with products of the mind, creativity or thought like copyrights, patents and trademarks start learning
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intellectual property law
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non-criminal, non-contractual injury in which the person who caused it intended to cause injury start learning
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tort of intentionally causing a breach of a valid contract start learning
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interference in contractual relations
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international institutions established by governments as opposed to organisations established privately and acting internationally start learning
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intergovernmental organisations
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arbitration of disputes between parties to international commercial contracts start learning
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international arbitration
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public official who hears and decides cases in court start learning
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territory or district in which a court has authority to hear cases start learning
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science or philosophy of law, study of legal systems and a collective term used for the body of case law start learning
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group of people selected to come to a verdict on questions of fact based on evidence presented in court start learning
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body of law relating to the ownership of real estate, that is land and the buildings on it start learning
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includes both contract and property law, and governs the commercial and residential property rights and obligations of an owner and renter of a real property interestfor a given period of time, usually determined by lease start learning
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person who owns property and either rents it or leases it to another for money start learning
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facility offering free or discounted legal assistance, often run by law students under supervision of lawyers start learning
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company formed by lawyers to engage in the practice of law start learning
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law firm /also law practice/
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action or proceeding brought in court start learning
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contract for which the use and occupation of a property is conveyed to another, usually in exchange for a sum of money /rent/ start learning
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property whose duration of ownership or occupation is fixed or capable of being fixed start learning
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advice and representation in legal matters start learning
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broad system of rules on which to make decisions start learning
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artificial entity created by law and given legal rights and duties, for example a corporation start learning
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selected body of people, usually elected, invested with the responsibility and power to make and repeal laws for a political unit, such as a state or nation start learning
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start learning
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to be legally responsible start learning
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a right to use property for a purpose without conferring ownership or possession; such right can be taken away at the will of the one granting the right start learning
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person to whom the right to use property for a particular purpose is granted start learning
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estate granted only for the life of the grantee start learning
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limitation of an owner/investor's financial losses or responsibility, usually limited to the value of person's investment in a company or partnership with limited liability start learning
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dispute brought before a court for determination or solution start learning
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to lose one's ability to make a living start learning
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loss of earnings capacity
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method of resolving disputes where the parties are actively involved in the decision-making process start learning
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legal document that sets out the important elements of the corporation, including its name, address, objects and powers; it is one of the two fundamental documents upon which registration of a company is based start learning
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memorandum of association /US - articles of incorporation/
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criminal intent - compare to actus reus, the criminal act) start learning
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institution which deals with the supply of credit information about business organisations to other businesses and financial institutions start learning
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petty offence, a crime less serious than a felony start learning
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misdemeanour /US - misdemeanor/
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statement that is false, misleading or contains a mistake start learning
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privilege granted by the government /e.g. patent/ to a person or entity to exclude all others from using, producing or selling a certain invention start learning
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transfer of legal title of a property, often land, to another as security for payment of a debt start learning
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independent state in which the majority of the citizens share the same cultural heritage and, particulary, the same language start learning
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failure to be as careful as the law demands start learning
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unintended injury caused by lack of care or failure to act, in contrast to an intentional tort start learning
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written and signed documents which represent an intangible right of payment for a specified sum of money on demand or at a defined time; some examples are bills of exchange, promissory notes, bank cheques or certificates of deposit start learning
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negotiable instruments /US - commercial paper/
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process in which parties who are considering forming a contract discuss and settle on the terms and conditions of the contract start learning
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party to a contract who has suffered a breach by the breaching party start learning
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work that largely involves advising clients and is not between contending parties, such as the drafting of contracts start learning
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commonly accepted standard of behaviour or manner of doing things start learning
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court's finding acquittal, finding that the defendant is legally blameless start learning
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duties that a party has as a result of the terms and conditions of the contract start learning
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start learning
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person who commits a crime start learning
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unwritten, binding agreement start learning
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direction or command by an authorised person or body start learning
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like framework convention, but used generally in the EU context start learning
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physical, mental and emotional distress or trauma for which compensation is given in a tort case start learning
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early release from prison after serving part of the sentence, usually under supervision and upon certain conditions start learning
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business organisation in which two or more people agree to do business together, sharing the profits and losses of the business together start learning
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person taking part in a business or transaction, person involved in a suit or dispute resolution proceedings start learning
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grant from the government giving exclusive rights to an inventor to make, use or sell an invention for a specified period of time start learning
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things that are movable /as opposed to real property/ and capable of being owned start learning
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personal property /also chattels in common law/
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sometimes called an artificial person or legal entity/person; it is legal fiction of identity in law which allows natural persons to act as if they were a single composite individual for certain purposes such as creating a business entity or structure start learning
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stealing something of low value /in some jurisdictions less than $400/, in contrast to grand theft where the value of the stolen goods is greater start learning
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formal written statements setting out the cause of action or defence in case start learning
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standard of proof in civil cases requiring that one side's case must be more probable than not start learning
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preponderance of the evidence
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work carried out before the matter proceeds to trial before a court start learning
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body of law dealing with disputes between private persons living in different jurisdictions and governing such things as applicable law, jurisdictions and enforcement of judgements start learning
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private international law /also conflict of laws/
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body of law that is concerned with the aspects of relationships between individuals that are of no direct concern to the state and in which the government is not directly concerned; it includes the law of property and of trusts, family law, etc. start learning
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sentence which allows the convicted offender to be released into the community under supervision instead of going to prison start learning
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formal process including the steps taken in action or dispute start learning
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share, claim, title or right in property start learning
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start learning
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bringing a criminal case before a court start learning
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lawyer who brings criminal cases on behalf of the state start learning
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performing a sexual act in exchange for money start learning
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body of laws governing relationships between states or nations start learning
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body of law that deals with the relationship between the state and individuals; examples may include constitutional law, criminal law, tax law and administrative law start learning
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behaviour that is criminalised because it is not compatible with society's shared values; there is usually no direct victim but the community, as a whole, suffers; e.g. drug crimes, public drunkenness and gambling start learning
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business structure which is permitted to offer its shares for sale to the general public and traded on a public stock exchange start learning
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compensation designed to punish the breaching party for conduct found to be reprehensible; e.g. fraud start learning
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punitive damages /also exemplary damages/
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unlawful sexual intercourse commited by force or threat or otherwise without consent start learning
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to adopt, approve and sanction; to make valid; to establish; to settle to affirm by express or implied consent to something done by an agent or servant; as, to ratify an agreement, treaty or contract; to ratify a nomination start learning
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land and anything attached to it start learning
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land, including anything attached to it start learning
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law associated with the obligations, use and rights of ownership of land or whatever is growing on it or built on it start learning
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cost of medical care for injuries caused by a tort for which compensation is given in a tort case start learning
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reasonable medical expenses
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act of regulating by a rule of conduct or order usually issued by a government agency or established authority having the force of law start learning
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official responsible for the control and supervision of a particular activity or area of public interest, who ensures compliance with laws and established rules and regulations start learning
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actions by a party showing that he or she expected another party to act in a certain way start learning
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granting of a remedy by a court /e.g. damages, injunciton, return of property etc./ start learning
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systems of legal rules based on realigious teachings start learning
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religious /or theological/ legal systems
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to enforce a right, cure a wrong or compensate an injury start learning
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payment made to a landlord or landlady for the use of property start learning
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right to specific use of property that is less than a full right of ownership start learning
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interests that are recognised and protected by law start learning
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loans or credit transactions in which the lender acquires a security interest in certain property owned by the borrower and has the right to repossess the property if the borrower cannot pay start learning
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investment instruments like stocks or bonds start learning
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to impose a certain punishment start learning
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1. agreement reached between the parties to a dispute resolving the dispute; 2. the amount granted or paid under such an agreement start learning
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owners of a share of a company/corporation through a proportionate ownership interest of stock or equity start learning
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those who invest money in a business entity and receive shares in return representing a proportional ownership start learning
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used to refer to the system of legal rules used in socialist countries start learning
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socialist law /also Soviet law/
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lawyer who practises on his/her own start learning
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single person who earns all the profits and is personally liable for all the debts or losses of the business structure start learning
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/UK/ lawyer who is qulified to give legal advice and prepare legal documents start learning
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when a court orders the breaching party to perform its part of a contract start learning
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amount of evidence needed in a certain type of case, for example in criminal case it is proof beyond a reasonable doubt, in civil cases it is a preponderance of the evidence start learning
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piece of legislation which declares that certain kinds of contract, for example those regarding land, pending marriage and the sale of goods worth over a certain amount of money, will be invalid unless put into writing and signed by both parties; start learning
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Statute of Frauds (enacted in England in 1677, serves as a basis for the US statutes)
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standardised documents of basic corporate constitution requirements, which a company may adopt in the creation of a company start learning
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statutory forms /statute/
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crime that does not require intent to break the law; among these crimes are parking violations and acts that endanger public welfare, like dumping of toxic wastes start learning
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where liability is imposed for damages caused regardless of fault or intent; that means the victim does not need to prove negligence; it is common in cases regarding defectively manufactured products start learning
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body of law defining rights, duties and obligations and all matters that are not procedural start learning
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to start civil proceedings in a court start learning
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international law dealing with the constraint on the rights of states or nations in relation to each other start learning
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law regulating rates or sums of money which may be assessed on personal and business income, real property vaules, and commercial transactions paid for the financial support of a government start learning
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person who has a right to hold or possess property usually in return for the payment of rent start learning
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person who is not party to an agreement or an action but who may have an interest in it start learning
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third party /third-party beneficiary/
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right to control or dispense of property or the right to ownership in property start learning
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any wrongdoing that results in an injury, other than breach of contract for which the court will give damages start learning
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person who commits a tort start learning
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wrongful acts in the nature of a tort start learning
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treaty or enforceable arrangement between two nations or multi-nations committing them to specified terms of commerce, usually involving mutually beneficial concessions including eliminating trade barriers start learning
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unlawful invasion of the person, property or rights of another start learning
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legal examination in court of a dispute between parties start learning
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acts by businesses against consumers which are misleading or fraudulent start learning
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unfair business practices
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law which has become the same or similar in different nations start learning
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injured party or the person was the object of a crime or tort start learning
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non-violent offences usually committed by business people or government officials, typically property crimes and economic crimes; also includes bribery, environmental law violations and money laundering, among many others start learning
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white-collar crime /business/corporate crime/
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