Komunikacja 3

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Question English Answer English
Barriers in intercultural communication
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Language (spoken language and body language; alphabet)  Value of Time  Negative Stereotypes and Prejudices  Feelings, emotions, sense of humor  Level of Context  Different values/ norms/ habits/ tradition
Barriers in intercultural communication
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Historical experiences  Differences in the level of education  Law and legal system  Appearance
Theoretical view on intercultural communication:
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- EDWARD HALL - GEERT HOFSTEDE
EDWARD HALL High context cultures:
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High context cultures: The right interpretation of non-verbal elements are crucial for successful communication (inter alia: politness’ formulas, customs, facial expressions, gestures)
EDWARD HALL Low context cultures:
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Low context cultures: Verbal elements of communication are the most important (concentration on spoken language
EDWARD HALL
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High context cultures -Far East -Arab World -Mediterranean countries -Sub-Saharan Africa -Latin America -Eastern Europe -Australia -North America (USA, Canada) -Scandinavia -Germany -Switzerland Low context cultures
GEERT HOFSTEDE Dimensions of culture:
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Dimensions of culture: Power Distance Individualism Masculinity Uncertainty avoidance
Power Distance Index Hofstede’s Power distance Index measures the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.
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This represents inequality (more versus less), but defined from below, not from above. It suggests that a society’s level of inequality is endorsed by the followers as much as by the leaders.
LOW POWER DISTANCE
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Inequalities between people should be reduced Parents treat children as partners Children treat parents as partners At school, teachers expect students’ initiative
LOW POWER DISTANCE
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People with higher education represent less authoritarian values than people with lower education Decentralization is desirable Slight differences in wages between people occupying high and low positions
LOW POWER DISTANCE
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Subordinates expect that superiors will conduct consultations with them during decision making process The perfect supervisor is a professional democrat
HIGH POWER DISTANCE
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Inequalities between people are justified and desirable Parents instill obedience in children Children treat parents with respectAt school, initiative belongs to teachers
HIGH POWER DISTANCE
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People with higher and lower education represent strongly an authoritarian views Strong centralization Huge differences in wages exist between people occupying high and low positions
HIGH POWER DISTANCE
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Subordinates expect instructions from superiors The perfect supervisor is a generous autocrat or a benevolent daddy
LOW POWER DISTANCE
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Austria (11) Israel (13) Denmark(18)New Zealand (22) Ireland (28)
HIGH POWER DISTANCE
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Malaysia (100) Slovakia (100) Panama (95) Guatemala (95) Philippines (94)
Individualism Index
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Individualism is the one side versus its opposite, collectivism, that is the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups.
On the individualist side we find societies in which the ties between individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after him/herself and his/her immediate family.
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On the collectivist side, we find societies in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups, often extended families (with uncles, aunts and grandparents) which continue protecting them in exchange for unquestioning loyal
CULTURE
INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURE autonomy, youth change safety of the individual equality
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CULTURE
COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURE / duty subordination age, tradition collective security hierarchy status
CULTURE
INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURE USA (91) Australia (90) UK (89) Canada (80) Netherlands (80)
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CULTURE
COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURE Guatemala (6) Ecuador (8) Panama (7) Venezuela (12) Colombia (13)
Masculinity Index
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Masculinity versus its opposite, femininity refers to the distribution of roles between the genders which is another fundamental issue for any society to which a range of solutions are found.
The IBM studies revealed that (a) women’s values differ less among societies than men’s values; (b) men’s values from one country to another contain a dimension from very assertive and competitive and maximally different from women’s values
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maximally different from women’s values on the one side, to modest and caring and similar to women’s values on the other. The assertive pole has been called ‘masculine’ and the modest, caring pole ‘feminine’.
MASCULINITY
MASCULINITY success and development/ money and material goods/ ambition and assertiveness justice, competition /only women can be sensitive / different courses for boys and girls at school /conflict is resolved by confrontation
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FEMININITY
FEMININITY care and protection of other people/ relations with other people/ modesty and humility equality, solidarity/ both women and men can be sensitive /the same courses for boys and girls at school /conflict is resolved by compromise
MASCULINITY
MASCULINITY Slovakia (100) Japan (95) Hungary (88) Austria (79) Venezuela (73)
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FEMININITY
FEMININITY Norway (5) Netherlands (14) Denmark (16) Angola (20) Costa Rica (21
Uncertainty avoidance Index
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Uncertainty avoidance deals with a society’s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity; it ultimately refers to man’s search for Truth.
It indicates to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either uncomfortable or comfortable in unstructured situations. Unstructured situations are novel, unknown, surprising, and different from usual.
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Uncertainty avoiding cultures try to minimize the possibility of such situations by strict laws and rules, safety and security measures, and on the philosophical and religious level by a belief in absolute Truth; there can only be one Truth and we have it
HIGH LEVEL OF UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE
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“Other” means dangerous Students expect unambiguous answers for questions Uncertainty in life is dangerous and we are obliged to fight with this Factors of motivation: security and affiliation A lot of detailed rules and norms
HIGH LEVEL OF UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE
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A lot of detailed rules and norms Public protests should be suppressed Conservatism
LOW LEVEL OF UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE “Other” means interesting Students expect discussions and open approach to courses Uncertainty is natural part of life Factors of motivation: achievements and appreciation
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Just few general rules and norms Public protests are accepted Tolerance
HIGH LEVEL OF UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE
HIGH LEVEL OF UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE • Greece (100) • Portugal (99) • Guatemala (99) • Uruguay (99) • Belgium (94)
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LOW LEVEL OF UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE
LOW LEVEL OF UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE • Singapore (8) • Jamaica (13) • Denmark (23) • Sweden (29) • Hong Kong (29)

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