13

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13.19th century English culture and its critics.
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19th c. time of the greatest empire when the ruler was Queen Victoria (rules 1837-1901). GB after Industrial Revolution was almost completely industrialised.
→ rapid development & growth of the cities, huge buildings made of iron and glass (Crystal Palace)
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steam engine & Stephenson's Locomotive (1820) → completely changes the life of the society; big department stores → growth of consumerism, the main value is social status; bourgeois class of people.
Criticism: 1st half of the 19th c: Romanticism: William Blake: bitter observer of his reality, very radical critic of industrialised world; the modern town as a sign of imprisonment;
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hypocrisy of the bourgeois system; the institution of marriage; marriage is not about love, but an economic transaction;
joy was eliminated; human life is a routine of hard-working; people make mistakes when despising their bodies and desire.
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joy was eliminated; human life is a routine of hard-working; people make mistakes when despising their bodies and desire.
Second half of the 19th c: John Ruskin (a philosopher, art&social critic): sees serious crisis in the society; art → cheap copies pretended to be real art; clash between kitschy semi-art (Crystal palace)
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and lack of interest to genuine art, people lost the sense of genuine beauty; vain celebration of goods, economic potential; society forgot about exploitation of workers → kind of slavery;
economic/mental slavery; inability to distinguish what is and what is not beautiful; absence of creativity.
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economic/mental slavery; inability to distinguish what is and what is not beautiful; absence of creativity.
Matthew Arnold (Culture and Anarchy - a series of periodical essays): main question: Haven't we become overcivilised?; too much significance of technology and economic progress;
bourgeois society → highly hypocritical; seemingly ideal model of family: women- the angel in the house (The popular Victorian image of the ideal wife/woman came to be "the Angel in the House"
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she was expected to be devoted and submissive to her husband. The Angel was passive and powerless, meek, charming, graceful, sympathetic, self-sacrificing, pious, and above all—pure).

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