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Question		Answer
wrodzony start learning		innate I assure you it has nothing to do with bravery, or some innate motivation to break the big story.
zalewać start learning		inundate The Mediterranean markets were suddenly inundated with goods from across.
realny, wykonalny, opłacalny, rentowny start learning		viable His successor the Emperor Augustus thought that the parts of Germany that lay between the Rhine and the Elbe was a viable conquest.
wszechobecny, dominujący start learning		pervasive Incense separated these special places from the unpleasant pervasive stench of the filth-polluted ancient towns.
ograniczyć, zahamować, skrócić start learning		curtail Inflation was curtailed by increased supplies and prices fell back to affordable levels due to the additional imports.
chwiać się, opadać, potykać się start learning		to falter
łagodny, pobłażliwy start learning		lenient Royal tributes were reduced to encourage hope that Roman rule would be lenient.
surowość, powaga, kryzys ekonomiczny start learning		austerity Rome departed from its traditional values of austerity.
naruszać, podawać w wątpliwość start learning		contravene Roman dealings with the distant East contravened this practice wth the mass export.
okazalość, wystawność start learning		granduer Empire was over and as long-term revenues faltered, imperial politics were increasingly decided by military contentions in the world of failing grandeur.
długość życia, trwałość, długowieczność start learning		longevity Yet the size and longevity of Rome's empire cannot be argued away.
wieżyczka, wieżą oblężnicza start learning		turret
rywalizować, konkurować start learning		to vie Tacitus says that chieftains vied to prove their prowess.
przyznać, ustąpić, dać za wygraną, rezygnować start learning		to concede Even critics of empires must concede this about Rome.
czynić, nakładać karę, zadawać, pododować start learning		to inflict He inflicted a devastating defeat on his enemy.
skąpy, skromny, nędzny start learning		meagre meagre pay
uzależniony start learning		reliant for these were raiders reliant on their swords
styczny, sąsiadujacy, przylegly start learning		adjacent None of the other provinces was physically adjacent.
tępo, bez ogródek, szczerze start learning		bluntly It was solely the product of bluntly wielded military power
upływać (o czasie), mijac, przemijac start learning		to elapse This time had elapsed.
spór, sprzeczka, opinia, twierdzenie, współzawodnictwo start learning		contentation Imperial politics were increasingly decided by military contentations in a world of failing grandeur.
zaraza, plaga, epidemia start learning		pestilence Instead, think about the pestilence and death which we all share.
anulować, unieważnić start learning		rescind This measure was temporarily rescinded.
nadużycie, danina, narzucony ciężar start learning		imposition Marcus Aurelius did not have the funds required for the soldiers and he did not wish to inflict new impositions on the provincials of Senate.
pociecha, ukojenie na "s" start learning		solace Christians could expect solace.
zły los, niedola, tarapaty start learning		adversity The concepts of duty in response to extreme adversity.
zawiazać ponownie, zrekonstruować start learning		reconsitute Rome had lost entire armies in previous battles, but it always had the manpower to quickly restore its losses and reconstitute its fighting forces.
stykający sie ze soba, graniczący start learning		contiguous The German nations do not have cities, they do not even tolerate closely contiguous dwellings.
zarażenie, rozprzestrzenianie sie choroby start learning		contagion A doctor named Porphyrio advised that the little girl should bathe frequently to restore her health and wash away the contagion.
obłożnie chory, przykuty do łózka start learning		bedridden First several of my servants grew sick in succession and the youngest to the oldest became bedridden.
podatny Jestem dosyć podatna na ugryzienia komarów. Wydaje się, że uwielbiają smak mojej krwi. start learning		susceptible I'm quite vulnerable to getting mosquito bites. They seem to love the taste of my blood.
nieuleczalny start learning		incurable
ulegać, poddawać sie czemuś start learning		to succumb But the invasion never occurred as there was a series of violent uprisings in Mesopotamia and Trajan succumbed to a terminal illness in AD 117.
nieurodzajny, jałowy start learning		infertile Smallpox leaves many survivors visually impaired or infertile.
nadwątlony, popsuty, upośledzony start learning		impaired Smallpox leaves many survivors visually impaired or infertile.
krosty, wysypka, wągrzyca na "M" start learning		measles The epidemic was either an ancestral strain of smallpox or measles.
wycienczać, osłabiać start learning		debilitate In the space of a year, the Han military lost a third of its operational army, with many more soldiers debilitated by the disease.
zajadły, złośliwy, jadowity start learning		virulent In AD 160, a virulent new disease was released into the ancient world trade routes.
niezgodny z prawdą, fałszywy start learning		fraudulent He suggested that the delegates were fraudulent.
przylądek, cypel start learning		promontory He speculated that "the encircling land connects to Rhaptum promontory".
kasza jaglana, proso start learning		millet
ustalać, swierdzać, upewniać się start learning		ascertian But nothing certain could be ascertained about their size.
duszny, ściśnięty, ograniczony start learning		confined The 900 mile-long Malay Peninsula was the barrier that confined Roman trade voyages to the Indian Ocean.
sztukmistrz, iluzjonista start learning		conjurer The embassy gave the Chinese Emperor diplomatic gifts that included exotic musicians and skilled conjurors.
nazbierać, gromadzić start learning		to amass But this process was interrupted when the old coins were offered wholesale to Roman traders amassing gold bullion for eastern export.
kość do gry Kości zostaly rzucone start learning		die The die is cast.
fałszerstwo, oszust na "c" start learning		counterfeit It was illegal to counterfeit Roman coins.
kamień szlachetny start learning		gem
meritum, zasługa, wartość, zasługiwać na start learning		merit They suggested that the highly prosperous Anuradhapura Kindom had accountable rulers who were selected on merit by the Sinhalese nobility.
członek świty, służący start learning		retainer They travelled with a large group of retainers and brought precious stones and pearls as diplomatic gifts.
wyzwalać niewolnika start learning		to manumit Ploclamus had followed the widespread Roman practice of manumitting trusted slaves and making them his business associates.
szybować, ślizgać sie, sunąć start learning		to glide The shallow-hulled ships of the Tamils were able to glide over the Palk reefs to reach ports on the east coast of India.
powiernik oparty na zaufaniu prawny termin start learning		fiduciary The denarius was so debased that it had only a fiduciary value.
wyrażać, wyświadczać, czynić, oddawać start learning		to render Therefore render to Ceasar the things that are Ceasar's, and to God the things that are God's
obliczanie, wynik start learning		computation He reports, 'be the smallest computation, India, the Seres and the Arabian Peninsula take 100 million sesterces from our Empire every year'
skarby, kolekcja, zbiory start learning		hoard Roman coin hoards.
opatrzyć wcześniejsza data, poprzedzić, mieć miejsce wcześniej start learning		to predate Pliny's warning that Indio-Roman trade was draining bullion from the Empire, therefore, predates this volcanic disaster.
sok roślinny, żywica, wycisnąć sok, podkopać, wyczerpać start learning		sap The Tamils did not cultivate grape vines but drank an alcoholic beverage known as 'toddy' produced from the fermented sap and fruit of palm trees.
przerażony, zaniepokojony na "d" start learning		dismayed Martial was dismayed by the cost of buying the necessary ingredients.
ścierwo, padlina, tusza start learning		carcass He thought he could impress his guests by having the carcass stuffed with rich pepper.
spiżarnia start learning		larder Persius writes about prominent Romands, whose larders were overstocked with these gifts.
groszek start learning		peas
do przyjęcia/przełknięcia, smakowity, smaczny na "p" start learning		palatable foods palatable for a longer period
psująy się, nietrwały, start learning		perishable Peppers was added in small amounts to many ROman meals to enhance flavour and make perishable food.
mikstura, uknucię spisku start learning		concoction Pepper was also used in medical concoctions.
oszczędnie, skromnie, pobłażliwie, litościwie start learning		sparingly but used sparingly this quantity of spice
ostry smak, ciepkość, pikanteria start learning		pungency The berry of the pepper-plant is desirable only because of its pungency.
brud, plugastwo, rynsztokowy język start learning		filth covered in filth from the streets
udo Chyba naciągnąłem mięsień w udzie, gdy robiłem przysiady. start learning		thigh I think I pulled a muscle in my thigh when I was doing squats.
konkubina, dama serca, kochanka start learning		mistress
najważniejszy, główny, o kapitalnym znaczeniu start learning		paramount A pound of the best grade frankincense could be sold in Roman market for 10 denarii, so security was paramount at the facility.
oszpecenie start learning		disfigurement The weight of heavy pearl jewellery sometimes caused disfigurement.
małżowina uszna start learning		earlobe I see pearls, not single ones designed for each ear, but clusters of them on earlobes.
różaniec start learning		beads valuable pearl beads
pieszczota, pieścić start learning		caress She caresses these objects, covers them with kisses.
odradzać komuś coś, odwieść start learning		to dissuade I could not dissuade her from leaving.
wydłużony, pociągły start learning		elongated The greatest praise was awarded to pearls that had the faint translucence of alum crystals and pearls elongated into tear-shape.
pomyślny, obiecujący start learning		auspicious They symbolise auspicious achievements.
skazaniec start learning		convict The frankincense is handled by royal slaves and convicts.
główny, czołowy, naczelny start learning		foremost It used to be sold at a high price to the foremost Romans.
zmarły, nieboszczyk start learning		deceased a deceased child
być przywiązanym do, wysoko cenić, kochać, umiłować start learning		to cherish Beryl rings were cherished items.
rzemieślnik taki który pracuje nad bardziej artystycznimy rzeczami niz tasmowo produkowanymi start learning		artisan
znaczyć, wyrażać, dawać do zrozumienia start learning		to signify this decision signified a fundamental change in their priorities
wieszcz, jasnowidz start learning		seer Traditionally, these areas would be the domain of the ‘witch doctor’ or seer, wizard, shaman, wise man/woman, whatever they may be called.
gmach, budowla start learning		edifice The monks established communities in the valleys and hired stoneworkers to carve their religious edifices into the hill-side rock-face.
odbierać, wystąpić o zwrot start learning		to reclaim The Satavahana were able to reclaim their former west coast territories.
wywrócic do góry dnem start learning		to capsize Smaller vessels would capsize.
usunać kogoś ze stanowiska, zerwać, przemieścić start learning		to dislodge The returning tidal surge could dislodge restraining anchors.
odpływ, cofać sie start learning		ebb There are many rivers with extreme ebb and flood tides that occur during the new and full moon.
nierozcieńczony, szczery, czysty start learning		undiluted undiluted wine
personel, obsługa, asystent start learning		attendant Indian kings received Roman slaves who served as royal attendants.
maść, smarowidło start learning		unguent The Ladies in Waiting, having applied the unguent, retired to the dressing chamber.
wydzielina, śluz start learning		mucus Excess mucus occurs only in some pathological conditions, and makes its presence known in the stools.
nabijany ćwiekami, wysadzany start learning		studded richly studded with gems
szmaragd start learning		emerald
czara start learning		goblet harry potter and the goblet of fire
regulujacy wydatki, normujacy zachowania start learning		sumptuary Roman sumptuary laws
przestudiować, przeczytać dokładnie start learning		to peruse Martial describes how a man named Mamurra perused the market stalls.
opieczętowanie start learning		sealing sealing wax
kawałęk, łuska, skorupa start learning		shard She gave him her hand, and he looked down at the small cut that had protruding from it a tiny shard of glass.
płonący, w płomieniach start learning		ablaze You like to have your hands ablaze with gems.
przetarty; wyświechtany, oklepany start learning		threadbare Unfortunately, the Cole royal commission may also end up the perfect mechanism for destroying the already threadbare authority of royal commissions.
zauroczenie, zaślepienie start learning		infatuation for the sake of infatuation
oszołomienie, zakłopotanie start learning		bewilderment His request was granted by the Emperor and Dio indicates the bewilderment of the Greek crowds whi gathered for this occasion.
wyląg, stado, plemie, pomiot start learning		brood a brood of colourful Indian snakes and a giant python
bażant start learning		pheasant an exotic pheasant
wierność, posłuszeństwo start learning		allegiance He held the allegiance of 600 minor sovereigns in northern India
pogłoski na "h" start learning		hearsay Suetonius explains that these Indo-Scythian ambassadors were from nations previously known to us only through hearsay.
na mieliźnie Gdy tylko zdasz sobie sprawę, że jesteś na mieliźnie, zatrzymaj się, ustawiając silnik na biegu wstecznym, jeśli jest to bezpieczne. start learning		aground As soon as you realise you are aground, stop by putting the engine into reverse if it is safe to do so.
soból, kary, czarny start learning		sable Silk route traffic reached the Indus, so Barbaricon offered silk and exotic animal furs, including mink and sable from the Asian steppe.
norka, futro z norek start learning		mink
wnętrzności, trzewia start learning		entrails Burning a small quantity of costly incense became a more attractive alternative to killing an animal and burning its entrails.
żmija start learning		viper
interpretacja, odtworzenie, przekład start learning		interpretation, reproduction, translation A concert rendition enables more concentration on the words without the distraction of stage action.
kamień nazębny, osad start learning		tartar When disintegrated by heat and ground-down it produced an abrasive calcined residue used to clean stained teeth and remove tartar.
żądlący, skąpy start learning		stingy You can stop being so stingy before the gods.
poprawiać, korygować start learning		rectify Roman regime was not able to rectify this trade imbalance.
zamglony, mglisty, zaparowany, spowity mgłą na "M" start learning		misty Arabia was swept by misty monsoon clouds.
tępy, przytępiny, zaokrąglony na końcu, rozwarty (kąt) start learning		obtuse People are less obtuse and inhospitable.
życzliwość, uczynność, danina start learning		benevolence He really seemed somehow or others to fancy that his wife had piety and benevolence enough for two.
bubel, tandeta start learning		shoddy my cargo was shoddy.
linia brzegowa, nadmorski, wybrzeże start learning		seaboard The northern seaboard of Somalia
bysty, przebiegły sprytny start learning		astute In re-inventing Manchester for the new millennium, the city council has proved very astute.
przeznaczony, przewidziany na start learning		destined Most of the valuable goods sent into the region were destined for the king.
składować zapasy start learning		to stockpile There were foreign traders residing long-term in the Aksumite Kindom including Roman subjects whi sourced and stockpiled Africa goods.
szkatułka, urna start learning		casket an ivory casket
pojemnik, zbiornik start learning		receptacle Then you can simply screw the duplex receptacle onto the electrical box with the screws provided.
pochować, pogrzebać na "i" start learning		inter Joseph, who is survived by his wife Ellen, three children, brothers and sister, will be interred in London.
bochenek start learning		loaf A simple loaf can surely be served on something other than an ivory footed table.
różnobarwny, różnorodny start learning		variegated The lung specimens from seven patients with IPF had a variegated appearance, with alternating zones of Obrosis and intervening patches of normal lung at low magnification.
półksieżyc start learning		crescent crescents of tortoise-shell
opieszały, leniwy, gnuśny start learning		slothful This is pretty good progress for you George, even accounting for your usual slothful approach to work.
leniwiec Mógłby być atletą, ale zachowuje się jak leniwiec. start learning		sloth He could be an athlete but he behaves like a couch potato.
zdobić, przystroić start learning		to adorn We prefer to have some couches inlaid with ivory and others with tortoiseshell and in a similar manner, we adorn our speech.
fornirować, oklejać, tuszować start learning		to veneer Whilst others try to veneer or pepper their works with Californian melodies, The Forest are purists and for that, much more original than their peers.
donieść na, otwarcie oskarżyć, potepiać start learning		to denounce Horace denounced "vain riches".
wonny, aromatyczny start learning		fragrant Nero used fragrant oils to deodorise his feet.
kamieniołom start learning		quarry The sides of a quarry were almost perpendicular.
prostopadły start learning		perpendicular The sides of a quarry were almost perpendicular.
równoważyć, kompensować, początek start learning		offset the rewards offset risk.
przewóz, transport, opłata za przewóz start learning		haulage In the ancient world, the long-distance transport of goods by sea was generally faster and more convenient than land haulage.
satyra, pamflet paszkwil start learning		lampoon Petronius lampoons the lavish lifestyle of successful Roman businessmen.
objuczony, obładowany, start learning		laden a heavily laden camel
wspaniały, znamienity start learning		illustrious a most illustrious man
latarnia, lampion start learning		lantern Ships carried bright lanterns on the stern.
ster pionowy Ten co jest pod wodą a nie kolo start learning		rudder Helmsman could pivot the rudders.
budowniczy statków start learning		shipwright
wyżej wymieniony start learning		aforementioned You may seize and control the aforementioned security.
obserwacja, obserwator, punkt obserwacyjny na "l" start learning		lookout The list includes guards, sailors, craftsmen shipbuilders' servants, helmsmen and ships' lookouts.
sternik Jest niewielka szansa, że sternik złapie chorobę morską. start learning		helmsman The helmsman is not very likely to get seasick.
wygórowany, niebotyczny, zdzierczy start learning		extortionate The Egyptian economy had been exhausted by extortionate taxes.
przebaczyć, darować, przelewać start learning		to remit Augustus went even further and remitted the tributes that he had imposed.
bezczelny, zuchwały, tupeciarski start learning		insolent By Roman standards, these displays were judged to be insolent.
głaz, skała start learning		boulder the large boulders found on its shores
przerwa wakacyjna, wneka, przerwa w obradach parlamentu start learning		recess Parliament is recess until Thursday
sznur, przywiazywac sznurem start learning		cord Instead, they are bound together with a type of cording.
upominać, karcić start learning		to rebuke Antigonus rebuked him for not taking more aggressive action against the Nabataeans.
dzicz, puszcza, odludzie start learning		wilderness Greek strategists reported that the Arabs "possessed the wilderness as their inaccessible refuge"
przekazywać, transportować na "c" start learning		to convey Consequently, the trafficking of incense generated wealth for those who conveyed the substance from the producer to the consumer.
mediator, faza pośrednia start learning		intermediary We used an intermediary system to talk between various devices
oklaskiwać, darzyć uznaniem, pochwalić start learning		to acclaim If so, then modern society will be able to experience an archaic essence acclaimed for its soothing medical benefits.
kadź start learning		vat They have found the remains of workshops with soaking pools, holding vats and heavy cylindrical stones used to pound the essence from offcut branches.
rozegrane bitwy start learning		pitched battles But the Romans protected the groves and there were pitched battles fought in defence of a shrub.
zagajnik, lasek, kepa drzew start learning		grove In this unique environment, balsam thrived in specially managed artificial groves.
nozdrze start learning		nostril The scent of various perfumes offered so that even the nostrils are not idle.
nieprzejrzysty, ciemny, niejasny start learning		opaque It was better to store them in opaque containers.
żreć, pożerać, wąwóz start learning		gorge Roman matrons who gorged themselves on exotic foods.
wrzód start learning		an ulcer Skin ulcers were also treated with special pastes.
maść, balsam na "s" start learning		salve Salves were prepared using resins.
umorusany start learning		grimy In Hong Kong, the management suite moved from the tony Central district to a grimy industrial estate.
namaszczać start learning		anoint Soldiers ceremonially anointed their regimental battle-standards with special libations to invoke divine approval and protection in battle.
przeciwbólowy start learning		analgesic Myrrh in particular had proven analgesic properties.
aromatyczny, wonny start learning		redolent Why weren't my flames redolent of nard?
zapach, aromat, perfumy, woń na "f" start learning		fragrance If you decrease your property, your heir will put your ashes into the un without any fragrance.
przymierze start learning		covenant Ark of the Covenant
wgłebienie, jama, ubytek tkanki zeba start learning		cavity It consisted of filling the empty space of cavities with hydrogen atoms and drawing the surface contour of the H atoms.
jelitowy start learning		intestinal The intestinal cavity of a slaughtered ox would be filled with bread.
jelita start learning		intestines It is also effective for hemorrhage of the lungs, stomach and intestines or topically for wound healing.
balsamowanie zwłok start learning		embalming Egyptian papyri texts depict servants carrying pots of incense to embalming ceremonies.
krwotok Ciężki krwotok na morzu jest trudnym problemem. start learning		haemorrhage Severe hemorrhage at sea is a challenging problem.
jałowy, suchy, nieinteresujacy na "a" start learning		arid Comiphora trees favour more arid conditions.
oczarowanie, zaczarowanie na "b" start learning		bewitchment Your businessmen are the most powerful in the entire earth and with your bewitchments, you have deceived all the nations.
zszywka, klarmra, podstawowy, główny start learning		staple their basic staple foods
zarządzać, nadawać moc prawna, start learning		enact And at the same time, several German states have already enacted the proposed French style bans on student attire
ściegno, siła start learning		sinew Money is the sinews of war.
wywołać, powodować start learning		engender By minimalizing its civilian bureaucracy, the Empire also reduced the potential for the corruption and tax abused that these organisations could engender.
działalność wywrotowa, rokosz, bunt start learning		sedition They will always be a source of sedition and civil wars.
oczerniać, umniejszać wartość na "d" start learning		denigrate He was ashamed to seem as denigrating the glory of Claudius.
szkodliwy, krzywdzący, ujemny na "d" start learning		detrimental The Romans lose money on some of their subject nations, but they are ashamed to set them aside, even though they are detrimental.
podporządkowanie sie, uleganie, spelnienie, zgodnosc start learning		compliance A small token amount of surplus wealth was forwarded to Rome as a symbolic act of compliance.
gromadzic, zbierac, zwolac powolywac przed sad start learning		convene Octavian, therefore, convened a conference with his closest advisors to debate the future of the Roman State.
odszkodowanie, kompensata start learning		indemnity As Rome expanded, it raised revenue by imposing war indemnities on the defeated foreign powers.
małzonek (wladcy), towarzysz, wspołpracownik, zespól wykonywujacy muzyke dawna start learning		consort Egyptian Queen Cleopatra and her consort Mark Antony
tym samym, przez to, skutkiem tego start learning		thereby The amount of work that can be is thereby increased.
przykazanie, regula/ nauka moralna, zasada, nakaz start learning		precept It focuses on ancient evidence without the influence of modern precepts, ideology, or theory-based economy models.
wydatki, naklady, rozchod start learning		expenditure The rationibus kept income accounts and had to track expenditure.
nadmierny, zbyteczny start learning		superfluous Pliny was critical of all expensive perfumes, arguing that 'They are the most superfluous of all forms of luxury'
smród, fetor, posmak start learning		stench Incense separated these special places from the unpleasant pervasive stench of the filth-polluted ancient towns.
haniebny, oburzajacy start learning		ignominious Cornelius Gallus suffered an ignominious death at his own hands.
kopcić, dymić, śmierdzieć start learning		to reek reeking of food waste
nieelastyczny, niepodatny, nieugiety, sztywny, ścisły start learning		rigid The dear deceased who is thicky-coated with perfumed balm is placed on a tall bier with his rigid heels extending towards the door.
latarnia morska, znak drogowy, oswietlac, nadawać sygnal start learning		beacon There was a citadel at the summit of the cliff containing a temple structure that probably operated as a beacon for incoming ships.
zastawa stołowa start learning		tableware Indian pottery has been found at Myos Hormos including fragments of fine tableware and ordinary cooking pots.
przygnebiajacy, ponury, smetny start learning		bleak But he was stuck, following her eyes as the smile left her face and she looked into the distance with a bleak expression.
zweglony, nadpalony start learning		charred The charred remains of human bone and ivory fragments were interred in the same receptacle for burial.
zapisywać w spadku start learning		bequeath He bequeathed his personal library.
czcić, okazywac szacunek start learning		venerate Upper-class Romans venerated their ancestors.
granice, kres, terytorium start learning		confines On the return journey, the live elephants proved to be a difficult and dangerous cargo in the confines of a ship.
udobruchac, zalagodzic, uspokoic, przeblagac start learning		placate Ovid describes how cornmeal and glittering grains od pure salt were once the means for men to placate the gods.
plodny, plenny, bujny start learning		prolific Aelian confirms that our authorities report that India is rich in pants and remarkably prolific in the medician substances.
srodowisko, otoczenie, osoby towarzyszace, swita, orszak start learning		entourage Pan was part of the entourage of the Greek god Dionysus.
katastrofa, plaga, nieszczescie, kleska, niedola start learning		calamity This calamity was to be witnessed by foreign kings.

The Roman Empire and the Indian Ocean

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