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What are the data in psychology? start learning
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The data in psychology are observations of behavior.
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How do facts and constructs differ? start learning
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Facts are directly observed, whereas constructs are inferences about unseen mechanisms, drawn to explain observations.
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What is reification of a construct? start learning
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Reification of a construct means believing that the construct is a fact.
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Explain the two ways in which constructs relate to facts. start learning
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Constructs are based on facts and are used to predict new facts.
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What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning? start learning
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Going from empirical observations to constructs is inductive reasoning; going from constructs to predictions is deductive reasoning.
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What is a theory, and how is it useful in science? start learning
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A theory is a formalized set of concepts that summarizes and organizes observations and inferences, provides tentative explanations for phenomena, and provides the foundation for making predictions.
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What is the difference between inductive and deductive theories? start learning
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Inductive theories depend heavily on empirical observations, whereas deductive theories go well beyond the existing data and encourage the testing of new predictions from theories.
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What is a model, and how is it used in science? start learning
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A model is a miniature representation of reality. Scientists construct and examine models to provide insights into natural phenomena.
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Distinguish between observation and inference. start learning
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Observations are the facts of research, whereas inferences are inductive leaps beyond the observations.
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Why should we judge theories on both their usefulness and their accuracy? start learning
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Many technically incorrect theories nevertheless make accurate predictions in many situations and therefore are useful in these situations.
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What is meant by falsifiability in science? start learning
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Falsifiability is the principle that, for a theory to be scientific, there must be some evidence that, if found, would lead to a rejection of the theory.
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What are the two main dimensions of the model of research presented in this section? start learning
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The two dimensions in our model of research are (1) levels of constraint, and (2) phases of research.
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Name the phases of research. start learning
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The phases of research are (1) idea generation, (2) problem definition, (3) procedures design, (4) observation, (5) data analysis, (6) interpretation, and (7) communication.
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Define levels of constraint. start learning
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Levels of constraint refer to a continuum of demands on the adequacy of information and the level of control used during the observation phase.
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What is the major difference between differential and experimental research? start learning
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The groups in differential research are naturally occurring, whereas the groups in experimental research are formed through random assignment.
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In which phases of research do we need to consider ethical issues? start learning
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Ethical issues need to be anticipated and addressed in the procedures-design phase before proceeding any further in the research. We must also remain sensitive to ethical issues throughout the research.
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Who bears the responsibility for ethical conduct of a research project? start learning
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Each researcher bears the major responsibility for the ethical conduct of the research.
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What is the first basic assumption that scientists accept about the universe? start learning
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That the physical universe exists.
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What is the second and third basic assumption that scientists accept about the universe? start learning
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That the universe is primarily an orderly system and that the principles of this orderly universe can be discovered, particularly through scientific research;.
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What is the fourth basic assumption that scientists accept about the universe? start learning
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Knowledge of the universe is always incomplete. New knowledge should alter current ideas and theories. Therefore, all knowledge and theories are tentative.
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