Advanced English (2) • NOUNS • 'F'

noun [U ] C1 • synonyms: scaremongering, alarmism, panic rhetoric • political/media fearmongering; accuse someone of fearmongering; avoid fearmongering during crises • freq in AmE: 5/10

the act of deliberately spreading fear, panic, or exaggerated threats to manipulate public opinion, gain attention, or push a specific agenda; often used in political, media, or social contexts to criticize alarmist rhetoric

noun [C ] C1 • synonyms: paving stone, slab • flagstone path/patio; lay/set flagstones; flat/natural/irregular flagstone • freq in AmE: 5/10

a flat, typically rectangular or irregularly shaped stone used for paving walkways, patios, or courtyards; often made of sandstone, slate, or limestone and valued for its rustic, natural appearance

noun phrase [C ] C2 • synonyms: aircraft, airborne craft, flying machine • unidentified/futuristic flying vessel; pilot/design a flying vessel; flying vessel of unknown origin • freq in AmE: 3/10

a general term for any craft capable of flight, especially one designed for travel through the air or space; can refer to airplanes, spacecraft, airships, or other airborne vehicles — often used in formal, technical, or science fiction contexts

noun phrase [C ] C1 • synonyms: natural force, element, phenomenon • a destructive/unstoppable force of nature; respect/face/survive forces of nature • freq in AmE: 6/10

a powerful natural phenomenon or element that affects the environment or human life; includes storms, earthquakes, floods, and other uncontrollable natural events

noun [C ] C1 medical/biological • mainly US (UK usually foetus) • synonyms: unborn child, prenatal organism • developing fetus at X weeks/in womb/during pregnancy • monitor/protect/terminate fetus • freq in AmE: 7/10

a developing human organism in the uterus from roughly the ninth week of pregnancy until birth; follows the embryonic stage and precedes the newborn stage

noun [C or U ] C1 • synonyms: break, crack, rupture • suffer/treat/sustain fracture; hairline/compound/stress fracture; fracture of spine/arm/rib • freq: 8/10

a break, crack, or rupture in a bone or other hard structure; can range from minor hairline fractures to complete breaks

collocation formal with fracture noun [C or U ] C1 (also less formal suffer a fracture) • synonyms: incur, suffer, experience • sustain a minor/serious/compound fracture; sustain multiple fractures • freq: 8/10

to experience or incur a bone fracture, typically used in clinical or formal reporting of injuries

noun [C ] C1 • synonyms: open fracture, severe break • sustain/treat compound fracture; compound fracture of femur/arm; compound vs. closed fracture; infection risk • freq: 9/10

a type of bone fracture where the broken bone pierces through the skin, creating an open wound; also known as an open fracture — often requires urgent surgical treatment due to infection risk

noun [C ] C1 • synonyms: closed fracture, clean break • sustain/treat simple fracture; simple fracture of wrist/arm; simple vs. compound fracture; healing time • freq: 7/10

a bone fracture in which the skin remains intact and the bone does not protrude; also known as a closed fracture — typically less severe than a compound fracture and easier to treat