Describing environment 1

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Question American English Answer American English
The...... of something, especially knowledge, are the limits to which it extends.
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frontiers
... pushing back the frontiers of science.
If one person, group, or country does something under the ....... of another, they do it while they are being taught or guided by them.
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tutelage
The ... of a person or group is their health, comfort, and happiness.
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welfare
I do not think he is considering Emma's welfare
...... services are provided to help with people's living conditions and financial problems.
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welfare
Child welfare services are well established and comprehensive
... is an important development or achievement.
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breakthrough
The company looks poised to make a significant breakthrough in China.
... with something, for example a law, treaty, or agreement means doing what you are required or expected to do.
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compliance
The company says it is in full compliance with U.S. labor laws.
A ... of something is a solid piece of it.
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lump
... a lump of wood.
if you were naughty all year you will find a... on Christmas Eve from Santa Claus
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lump of coal
If you refer to something or someone as a ..., you mean that they are intended to attract people's attention and deceive them, for example by leading them into a trap or away from a particular place.
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decoy
These attacks could be a decoy, a manoeuvre to throw everyone off guard.
A... is someone who has done something bad or illegal.
formal
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malefactor
... a well-known criminal lawyer who had saved many a malefactor from going to jail.
a person who tries to advance socially or in business 🇺🇸
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climber
If two people have a..., they have a brief sexual relationship.
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fling
She claims she had a brief fling with him 30 years ago.
If two people who love each other are in a ..., they are holding each other tightly.
f.e. lovers
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clinch
They were caught in a clinch when their parents returned home unexpectedly.
A... is a pattern or picture that you draw when you are bored or thinking about something else. 2. VERB When someone..., they draw......
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doodle
death caused by being underwater and not being able to breathe, or a case when this happens:
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drowning
... is the feeling of shock and anger which you have when you think that something is unjust or unfair.
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indignation
She was filled with indignation at the conditions under which miners were forced to work
If someone reacts with... to something, they are unable to believe it because it is very surprising or shocking
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incredulity
The announcement has been met with incredulity
someone's face
informal mainly disapproving
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mug
his ugly mug
a thin layer of liquid on the surface of something that makes it difficult to see
e.g. on mirror, car window
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mist
There's always a mist on the bathroom mirror/windows when I've had a shower.
a state of not being able to decide what to do about a situation in which you are involved:
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quandary
I've had two job offers, and I'm in a real quandary about/over which one to accept.
If something is divided or distributed among a number of different people or things, each of them has, or is responsible for, a ... of it.
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share/ slice
If someone or something gives you a ..., they give you an advantage over your competitors
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cutting edge
He will give the team a cutting edge when it comes to the race for the championship
The entirety of something
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all of something
Hurricane knocks out power to all of Puerto Rico
official permission to leave the armed forces, a prison, or a hospital
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discharge
the act of sending out waste liquid or gas
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discharge
Thousands of fish were killed as a result of a discharge of poisonous chemicals from a nearby factory.
The ... of something such as a book or argument is its quality of being well explained and easy to understand.
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clarity
If you have an ... with someone, you have met them and you know them.
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acquaintance
On first acquaintance she is cool and slightly distant
an incident, event, esp. one that happens unexpectedly:
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occurence
Break-ins are an everyday occurrence in this neighborhood.
If you get a lot of ... from someone, they criticize you severely. If you take the ..., you get the blame for something.
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flak 🇺🇸
The President is getting a lot of flak for that
... is a feeling of great happiness and pleasure, because of a success.
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jubilation
His resignation was greeted by jubilation on the streets of Sofia.
a large amount of money or valuable possessions
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riches
She donated a sizeable portion of her riches to children's charities.
a large quantity of a valuable natural substance
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riches
The country has great oil/mineral riches.
The... of a particular activity or course of action are the dangers or problems it may involve.
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peril
... the perils of starring in a television commercial.
If someone asks you for a..., they want a match or cigarette lighter so they can start smoking.
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light
Have you got a light anybody?
The... of a picture or scene you are looking at is the part or area of it that appears nearest to you.
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foreground
He is the bowler-hatted figure in the foreground of Orpen's famous painting
A ... is a sudden strong feeling or emotion, for example of sadness or pain.
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pang
1. For a moment she felt a pang of guilt about the way she was treating him. 2... hunger pangs.
If someone is on the edge or brink of an ..., they are about to enter into a very frightening or threatening situation.
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abyss
The country was on the brink of an abyss.
A very great difference between two people, things, or groups can be referred to as an...
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abyss.
How big is the abyss between what you think you are and what you actually are?
An... is a very deep hole in the ground
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abyss
outward impressions, indications, or circumstances
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appearances
By all appearances, he enjoyed himself
If someone ... you, they annoy you by continually criticizing you for what you think are small or unimportant things. 🇬🇧
... is also a noun.
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niggle
Your essay was generally very good, but I have a few niggles.
a marketing ploy, such as a free or cheap offer.
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come-on
The ad was a come-on to try to sell callers other items
something transferred or resulting from a previous situation.
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carry-over
The slow trading was a carry-over from the big losses of last week.
The ... of an important event, invention, or situation is the fact of it starting or coming into existence.
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advent
The advent of war led to a greater austerity.
The ... of a person at a place is their arrival there.
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advent
Deptford had come alive with the advent of the new priest at St Paul's
the expression of approval or admiration for someone or something.
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praise
I have nothing but praise for the police
the degree to which something is prevalent or widespread, especially a disease, disorder, or pathogen:
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prevalence
A ... of something is a small quantity of it which you add when you are preparing food or mixing a drink.
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dash
Add a dash of balsamic vinegar.
... is a polite and respectful attitude towards someone, especially because they have an important position.
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deference
Out of deference to him, I lowered my head as he prayed
A ... of something such as snow is a continuous layer of it which hides what is below or beyond it.
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blanket
Cold damp air brought in the new year under a blanket of fog
If you have a ...... in something, you have a very strong reason for acting in a particular way, for example to protect your money, power, or reputation.
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vested interest
The administration has no vested interest in proving whether public schools were good or bad.
... calculations, agreements, plans, or arrangements are not definite or certain, but have been made as a first step.
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tentative
Political leaders have reached a tentative agreement
the most direct route between two places
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beeline
If people or things are in a ..., they are in a state of confusion or disorder.
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muddle
We are going to get into a hopeless muddle
If you say that someone has got their ..., you approve of the fact that they have been punished or have suffered for something wrong that they have done.
approval
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comeuppance
The central character is a bad man who shoots people and gets his comeuppance.
Project management term that's traditionally used to describe the quantifiable goods or services that must be provided upon the completion of a project
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deliverables
in a project focusing on upgrading a firm's technology, a deliverable may refer to the acquisition of a dozen new computers.
... is the freedom that someone has to take the action they want to or to change their plans.
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leeway
The President said that he wanted to give states more leeway to pursue their own health-care reforms
A feeling that one must do the same things as other people of one's age and social group in order to be liked or respected by them
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peer pressure
She started drinking in high school because of peer pressure.
Continuously and perpetually, without stopping
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without cease
No one remembers that star-studded team because, while they posted division championships without cease, they could never win the big one.
very superficial, slight, fleeting knowing of someone
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bowing acquaintance
no longer exist
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cease to exist
That restaurant has ceased to exist because the owner died
The ... of something bad, such as a disease, is the frequency with which it occurs, or the occasions when it occurs.
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incidence
... the high incidence of child mortality.
small worthless objects, especially household ornaments.
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knick-knack
A ... is a low point in a process that has regular high and low points, for example a period in business when people do not produce as much as usual.
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trough
American bank shares have risen by 60% since their trough last October.
You can refer to the beginning, cause, or source of something as its ... or......
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origin/ origins
The disorder in military policy had its origins in Truman's first term.
You can refer to a large number of things which someone has available for a particular purpose as their...
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armory
Modern medicine has a large armoury of drugs for the treatment of mental illness
You can say that a particular activity is your ... if you are very good at it.
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forte/ strong suit
Originality was never his forte
The ... of someone's voice is the way their voice gets higher and lower as they speak.
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cadence
He is not attempting necessarily to reproduce the cadence of speech.
a person who is the only survivor of a deadly incident.
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sole survivor
Two hours later, he had dug himself out, the sole survivor.
If you refer to moral or religious statements as ..., you are criticizing them because you think the person making them does not really believe what they are saying.
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cant
... politicians holding forth with their usual hypocritical cant
The ... of someone or the ... of someone's life is something that frequently makes them feel unhappy or annoyed.
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bane
Rain is the bane of holiday-makers.
correct procedure or routine
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drill (Bryt)
If two people or groups have a ..., they have a good relationship in which they are able to understand each other's ideas or feelings very well.
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rapport
He said he wanted 'to establish a rapport with the Indian people'.
... is dirt or some other unpleasant substance.
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muck
The... of power, wealth, or a particular job are the extra things, such as decorations and luxury items, that go with it.
disapproval
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trappings
1. the visible trappings of success 2. The president's family evidently loved the trappings of power
If you describe an unpleasant or confused situation as a ..., you mean that it seems impossible to escape from or resolve, because it has become so serious or so complicated.
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morass
... the economic morass.
A ... is a sudden loud noise, for example the sound of a gun being fired or an explosion.
formal
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report
Soon afterwards there was a loud report as the fuel tanks exploded.
the state of being sportive, fit
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the state of being sportive, fit ?
sportiveness
If you refer to someone or something as the ... of a particular effect, you mean that they cause this effect.
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agent
Children can be agents of change in their communities
the activity of kissing and touching someone sexually but without having sex, foreplay
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heavy petting
Someone's ... is all the circumstances, people, things, and events around them that influence their life.
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environment
Our moral character is formed not by heredity but by environment.
emotional or mental support:
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sustenance
When her husband died, she drew sustenance from/she found sustenance in her religious beliefs
A ... of a situation, person, or incident is a brief description of it without many details.
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sketch
I had a basic sketch of a plan.
If something is given to you for ..., it is given to you so that you will make sure that it is not harmed or stolen.
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for safekeeping
Hampton had been given the bills for safekeeping by a business partner.
The ... of something are its simplest, most important elements, ideas, or principles, in contrast to more complicated or detailed ones.
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the basics
They will concentrate on teaching the basics of reading, writing and arithmetic
If you refer to the pleasant way that someone or something appears as a ..., you are critical of them because you believe that their true, hidden nature is not good.
disapproval
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veneer
He was able to fool the world with his veneer of education
Someone's ... is the way that they tend to behave or feel.
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disposition
... his friendly and cheerful disposition
The... involved in a contest or a risky action are the things that can be gained or lost.
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stakes
For the president the political stakes could hardly have been higher
... involves allowing yourself to believe something about yourself that is not true, because the truth is more unpleasant.
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self-deception
The ability that people have to think and to make sensible judgments can be referred to as...
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reason
Against all reason, I decided to go with her.
An ... is a gift that people offer to their God or gods as a form of worship.
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offering
An ... is something that is specially produced to be sold
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offering
It was very, very good, far better than vegetarian offerings in many a posh restaurant.
reason; justification
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grounds
1. We have grounds for believing they are trading illegally. 2. Did he have grounds for his behaviour?
someone's financial situation
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circumstances
I wouldn't have expected to find you in such comfortable circumstances.
trained to defecate and urinate outdoors or in a special place indoors so that it can live in a house
said of a pet dog, cat, etc.
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housebroken 🇺🇸
Someone's ... of the profits or winnings from something, especially ones that have been obtained dishonestly, is their share.
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cut
When do I get my cut?
the quality of being rude and not showing respect, especially towards someone who is older or in a more important position:
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impudence
The memoir describes his life with honesty and impudence.
willingness to give money, or money given to poor people by rich people:
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largess
The medical foundation will be the main beneficiary of the millionaire's largesse.
If you take a ... at a person or an organization, you criticize them, usually in an indirect way.
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swipe
In a swipe at the President, he called for an end to 'begging for aid around the world'
a check made without prior warning, a quick random examination
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spot check
A ... is a small thin piece of something, especially one that has broken off a larger piece.
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flake
1. Large flakes of snow began swiftly to fall. 2... oat flakes.
... is used after stating a particular time to show that something happens at exactly the time stated.
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sharp
The lecture starts at 8.00 sharp.
The ... of a container such as a cup or glass is the edge that goes all the way round the top.
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rim
She looked at him over the rim of her glass
The ... of a circular object is its outside edge.
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rim
The rim of my cup is chipped.
A ... is a dirty mark.
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smudge
1. You have a smudge on your trousers. 2... smudges of blood.

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