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Question		Answer
What is Appeal to guilt? start learning		Using guilt or shame to pressure acceptance of a claim instead of addressing its merits.
What is Appeal to fear? start learning		Manipulating through fear of negative consequences to gain acceptance of a position.
What is Appeal to authority? start learning		Citing an authority figure as evidence when they lack relevant expertise on the topic.
What is Equivocation? start learning		Using ambiguous or shifting word meanings to mislead or create confusion.
What is Comparative fallacy? start learning		Justifying a position as better by comparing it to something worse without proving its own merit.
What is Appeal to nature? start learning		Arguing that something is good because it is natural or bad because it is unnatural.
What is Guilt by association? start learning		Rejecting an argument based on its association with a disliked person group or idea.
What is No true Scotsman? start learning		Redefining a term to exclude counterexamples making the original claim unfalsifiable.
What is Fallacy of Composition? start learning		Assuming what is true for parts must be true for the whole.
What is Fallacy of Division? start learning		Assuming what is true for the whole must be true for each part.
What is Burden of proof? start learning		Shifting the responsibility of providing evidence to the wrong party.
What is Tu quoque? start learning		Dismissing an argument because the arguer is inconsistent or hypocritical.
What is Special pleading? start learning		Making exceptions or moving goalposts when a claim is refuted.
What is Loaded question? start learning		Asking a question that assumes an unproven premise forcing the respondent into a trap.
What is Affirming the consequent? start learning		Assuming the antecedent is true because the consequent is true If P then Q therefore P.
What is Anecdotal fallacy? start learning		Using personal stories or isolated cases as evidence for a general claim.
What is Appeal to emotion? start learning		Using emotional manipulation rather than logical reasoning to persuade.
What is Texas sharpshooter? start learning		Cherry-picking data to fit a pattern while ignoring broader context.
What is Suppressed correlative? start learning		Assuming only one of multiple possible options is valid ignoring alternatives.
What is Personal incredulity? start learning		Rejecting a claim because it is personally difficult to understand or imagine.
What is Ambiguity fallacy? start learning		Using vague or unclear language to mislead or obscure meaning.
What is Middle ground fallacy? start learning		Assuming the middle position between two extremes is always correct.
What is Affirming a disjunct? start learning		Concluding one disjunct is true because the other is false when options may not be exhaustive.
What is Appeal to tradition? start learning		Arguing a practice or belief is valid because it has been traditionally accepted.
What is Sunk cost fallacy? start learning		Continuing an action based on past investments ignoring current irrationality.
What is Continuum fallacy? start learning		Denying a distinction between states because no precise boundary exists.
What is Faulty analogy? start learning		Using an analogy that is not comparable or relevant to the argument.
What is Denying the antecedent? start learning		Assuming the consequent is false because the antecedent is false If P then Q not P therefore not Q.
What is False cause? start learning		Assuming causation from correlation post hoc ergo propter hoc.
What is Definist fallacy? start learning		Manipulating definitions to avoid refutation or support an argument.
What is Ecological fallacy? start learning		Assuming individual behavior from group-level data.
What is Etymological fallacy? start learning		Arguing a word's historical meaning determines its current validity or meaning.
What is Quoting out of context? start learning		Using a quote in a way that distorts its original meaning.
What is False equivalence? start learning		Treating unequal things as equal to mislead or create false balance.
What is Historian's fallacy? start learning		Judging past actions by present standards ignoring historical context.
What is Inflation of conflict? start learning		Exaggerating disagreements to make them appear more divisive than they are.
What is Incomplete comparison? start learning		Comparing things without sufficient context or relevant data.
What is Ludic fallacy? start learning		Assuming real life follows simplified models or games ignoring complexity.
What is Moralistic fallacy? start learning		Assuming what ought to be determines what is.
What is Nirvana fallacy? start learning		Comparing real imperfect things to idealized unattainable alternatives.
What is Proof by assertion? start learning		Repeating a claim as if repetition constitutes evidence.
What is Cherry picking? start learning		Selecting only data that supports a position while ignoring contradictory evidence.
What is Psychologist's fallacy? start learning		Assuming one's own perspective is universally applicable to others.
What is Reification fallacy? start learning		Treating abstract concepts as concrete tangible things.
What is Retrospective determinism? start learning		Believing past events were inevitable ignoring the uncertainty at the time.
What is Thought-terminating cliché? start learning		Using a phrase or slogan to end discussion or critical thought.
What is Fallacy of the single cause? start learning		Assuming a complex event has only one cause.
What is Appeal to the stone? start learning		Dismissing a claim by demanding impossible proof.
What is Ignoratio elenchi? start learning		Missing the point of an argument by addressing an unrelated issue.
What is Circumstantial ad hominem? start learning		Attacking a person's circumstances instead of their argument.
What is Tone policing? start learning		Focusing on an argument's tone rather than its content to dismiss it.
What is Association fallacy? start learning		Assuming associated things share the same properties or qualities.
What is Appeal to accomplishment? start learning		Using a person's achievements as evidence for unrelated claims.
What is Courtier's reply? start learning		Dismissing a question by claiming the questioner lacks understanding.
What is Appeal to consequences? start learning		Judging a claim's validity based on its potential consequences.
What is Appeal to novelty? start learning		Arguing something is better simply because it is new.
What is Bulverism? start learning		Dismissing an argument based on the arguer's psychology rather than its merits.
What is Chronological snobbery? start learning		Assuming newer or older things are inherently better.
What is Entitled to my opinion? start learning		Using the right to an opinion as a shield from criticism or justification.
What is Two wrongs make a right? start learning		Justifying an action because others have done the same.
What is Vacuous truth? start learning		A technically true but meaningless statement often based on an empty condition.
What is Fallacy fallacy? start learning		Assuming a claim is false because it uses a logical fallacy.
What is the Toulmin Model? start learning		A framework for argument analysis with six components emphasizing contextual and dialectical nature of arguments. 1) Claim 2) Data 3) Warrant 4) Backing 5) Rebuttal 6) Qualifier
What is Appeal to guilt? start learning		Using guilt or shame to pressure acceptance of a claim instead of addressing its merits.
What is Appeal to fear? start learning		Manipulating through fear of negative consequences to gain acceptance of a position.
What is Appeal to authority? start learning		Citing an authority figure as evidence when they lack relevant expertise on the topic.
What is Equivocation? start learning		Using ambiguous or shifting word meanings to mislead or create confusion.
What is Comparative fallacy? start learning		Justifying a position as better by comparing it to something worse without proving its own merit.
What is Appeal to nature? start learning		Arguing that something is good because it is natural or bad because it is unnatural.
What is Guilt by association? start learning		Rejecting an argument based on its association with a disliked person group or idea.
What is No true Scotsman? start learning		Redefining a term to exclude counterexamples making the original claim unfalsifiable.
What is Fallacy of Composition? start learning		Assuming what is true for parts must be true for the whole.
What is Fallacy of Division? start learning		Assuming what is true for the whole must be true for each part.
What is Burden of proof? start learning		Shifting the responsibility of providing evidence to the wrong party.
What is Tu quoque? start learning		Dismissing an argument because the arguer is inconsistent or hypocritical.
What is Special pleading? start learning		Making exceptions or moving goalposts when a claim is refuted.
What is Loaded question? start learning		Asking a question that assumes an unproven premise forcing the respondent into a trap.
What is Affirming the consequent? start learning		Assuming the antecedent is true because the consequent is true If P then Q therefore P.
What is Anecdotal fallacy? start learning		Using personal stories or isolated cases as evidence for a general claim.
What is Appeal to emotion? start learning		Using emotional manipulation rather than logical reasoning to persuade.
What is Texas sharpshooter? start learning		Cherry-picking data to fit a pattern while ignoring broader context.
What is Suppressed correlative? start learning		Assuming only one of multiple possible options is valid ignoring alternatives.
What is Personal incredulity? start learning		Rejecting a claim because it is personally difficult to understand or imagine.
What is Ambiguity fallacy? start learning		Using vague or unclear language to mislead or obscure meaning.
What is Middle ground fallacy? start learning		Assuming the middle position between two extremes is always correct.
What is Affirming a disjunct? start learning		Concluding one disjunct is true because the other is false when options may not be exhaustive.
What is Appeal to tradition? start learning		Arguing a practice or belief is valid because it has been traditionally accepted.
What is Sunk cost fallacy? start learning		Continuing an action based on past investments ignoring current irrationality.
What is Continuum fallacy? start learning		Denying a distinction between states because no precise boundary exists.
What is Faulty analogy? start learning		Using an analogy that is not comparable or relevant to the argument.
What is Denying the antecedent? start learning		Assuming the consequent is false because the antecedent is false If P then Q not P therefore not Q.
What is False cause? start learning		Assuming causation from correlation post hoc ergo propter hoc.
What is Definist fallacy? start learning		Manipulating definitions to avoid refutation or support an argument.
What is Ecological fallacy? start learning		Assuming individual behavior from group-level data.
What is Etymological fallacy? start learning		Arguing a word's historical meaning determines its current validity or meaning.
What is Quoting out of context? start learning		Using a quote in a way that distorts its original meaning.
What is False equivalence? start learning		Treating unequal things as equal to mislead or create false balance.
What is Historian's fallacy? start learning		Judging past actions by present standards ignoring historical context.
What is Inflation of conflict? start learning		Exaggerating disagreements to make them appear more divisive than they are.
What is Incomplete comparison? start learning		Comparing things without sufficient context or relevant data.
What is Ludic fallacy? start learning		Assuming real life follows simplified models or games ignoring complexity.
What is Moralistic fallacy? start learning		Assuming what ought to be determines what is.
What is Nirvana fallacy? start learning		Comparing real imperfect things to idealized unattainable alternatives.
What is Proof by assertion? start learning		Repeating a claim as if repetition constitutes evidence.
What is Cherry picking? start learning		Selecting only data that supports a position while ignoring contradictory evidence.
What is Psychologist's fallacy? start learning		Assuming one's own perspective is universally applicable to others.
What is Reification fallacy? start learning		Treating abstract concepts as concrete tangible things.
What is Retrospective determinism? start learning		Believing past events were inevitable ignoring the uncertainty at the time.
What is Thought-terminating cliché? start learning		Using a phrase or slogan to end discussion or critical thought.
What is Fallacy of the single cause? start learning		Assuming a complex event has only one cause.
What is Appeal to the stone? start learning		Dismissing a claim by demanding impossible proof.
What is Ignoratio elenchi? start learning		Missing the point of an argument by addressing an unrelated issue.
What is Circumstantial ad hominem? start learning		Attacking a person's circumstances instead of their argument.
What is Tone policing? start learning		Focusing on an argument's tone rather than its content to dismiss it.
What is Association fallacy? start learning		Assuming associated things share the same properties or qualities.
What is Appeal to accomplishment? start learning		Using a person's achievements as evidence for unrelated claims.
What is Courtier's reply? start learning		Dismissing a question by claiming the questioner lacks understanding.
What is Appeal to consequences? start learning		Judging a claim's validity based on its potential consequences.
What is Appeal to novelty? start learning		Arguing something is better simply because it is new.
What is Bulverism? start learning		Dismissing an argument based on the arguer's psychology rather than its merits.
What is Chronological snobbery? start learning		Assuming newer or older things are inherently better.
What is Entitled to my opinion? start learning		Using the right to an opinion as a shield from criticism or justification.
What is Two wrongs make a right? start learning		Justifying an action because others have done the same.
What is Vacuous truth? start learning		A technically true but meaningless statement often based on an empty condition.
What is Fallacy fallacy? start learning		Assuming a claim is false because it uses a logical fallacy.
What is the Toulmin Model? start learning		A framework for argument analysis with six components emphasizing contextual and dialectical nature of arguments. 1) Claim 2) Data 3) Warrant 4) Backing 5) Rebuttal 6) Qualifier
What is Ethos? start learning		Appeal to the credibility or ethical character of the speaker
What is Pathos? start learning		Appeal to the emotions of the audience
What is Logos? start learning		Appeal to logic or reason
What is a metaphor? start learning		Comparing two unlike things to create imagery
What is Parallelism? start learning		Repeating grammatical structures for rhythm
What is Anaphora? start learning		Repeating the same word or phrase at the beginning of clauses
What is Epistrophe or Epiphora? start learning		Repeating a word or phrase at the end of successive clauses
What is Germination? start learning		The repetition of a word or word group within one sentence
What is hyperbole? start learning		Deliberate exaggeration
What is rhetorical question? start learning		A question asked for effect not for an answer
What is an Exclamation? start learning		A forceful statement used for emphasis
What is a simile? start learning		An explicit comparison between two things usually using as or like
What is Personification? start learning		Giving human traits to non-human things
What is Juxtaposition? start learning		Placing two contrasting ideas side-by-side to highlight their differences
What is Slippery Slope fallacy about? start learning		Arguing that a small first step will inevitably lead to a chain of negative events
What is Hasty Generalisation fallacy about? start learning		Drawing a broad conclusion from a small or unrepresentative sample
What is Post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy about? start learning		Assuming that if A occurred after B then B must have caused A
What is Genetic Fallacy about? start learning		Judging something based on its origins rather than its current merits
What is Begging the claim fallacy about? start learning		Assuming the conclusion in the premise
What is Circular argument fallacy about? start learning		When the conclusion is restated as the premise
What is False dilemma or false dichotomy fallacy about? start learning		Presenting only two options when more exist
What is Ad hominem about? start learning		Attacking a person's character rather than their opinions or arguments
What is Ad populum or Bandwagon Appeal fallacy about? start learning		Arguing that something is true because many people believe it
What is Red Herring fallacy about? start learning		Introducing irrelevant material to distract from the main issue
What is Straw Man fallacy about? start learning		Misrepresenting an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack
What is Moral equivalence fallacy about? start learning		Claiming that minor and major wrongs are equally immoral
What is Appeal to ignorance true believer's form about? start learning		Arguing that a claim is true because it has not been proven false
What is Appeal to ignorance skeptic's form about? start learning		Arguing that something does not exist because there is no evidence for it

Rhetoric

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